Corns & Calluses : Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

Corn/Callus is a very common skin condition. Corns develop slowly and often go unnoticed as they seem like small hard patches of skin, and are mistaken as dry skin. Corns may or may not be painful and the condition is often associated with individuals using ill-fitting shoes, people who walk or stand for long periods, individuals with foot deformities, and more.

What is Foot Callus/Foot Corns?

Corns refers to thickened skin or buildup of hard thick areas of skin. Corns develop due to repetitive pressure or friction, these can form on any part of the body, however, they usually appear on the feet, hands, and fingers. Corns and calluses are often used interchangeably, although both are caused due to friction they are not the same. Corns appear to be small, hard, have a central core and are usually painful while calluses are larger, thicker patches of skin, and are often painless. 

Individuals wearing tight shoes that don’t allow the toes to move smoothly, having foot deformities like bunions, hammertoe, flat feet, engaged in activities that involve prolonged standing, etc. are more prone to develop corns. Conditions like diabetes and arthritis increase the likelihood of developing corn. 

Types of Foot Corns/ Foot Callus

The hardened layer referred to as corn is the body’s way of protecting the skin underneath from irritation and pressure. Foot corns are divided into three types, including:

• Hard Corns: This type of corns are the most common, and usually form on the top of the toes and area where there is bone pressure against the skin. 
• Soft Corns: Soft corns are white or grey coloured and have a softer and rubbery texture. 
• Seed Corns: These corns are usually smaller and form on the bottom part of the feet.

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What are the symptoms of foot callus (foot corns) ?

Corns can have distinct features and are small, round, raised bumps surrounded by irritated skin. Some of the common symptoms include:

• Yellowing Patch:

  One of the most common signs of corn is associated with the appearance of hardened skin. The lumpy/bumpy skin may start to appear yellowish or pale in colour. 

• Thick, Hardened Skin:

  The most significant sign of foot corns are thickening, hardening and roughening of the area compared to the surrounding skin. 

• Flaky & Dry Skin:

  The affected part and the skin around tend to dry out and become hard. Corns specifically found on the tops or sides of the toe turn out dry and flaky and appear whitish. 

• Pain:

  Corns can be painful or tender when pressed or when pressure is applied. Additionally, the skin around can become tender and cause pain while walking or standing, especially while wearing shoes.

• Located on Pressure Points:

  Another sign of corns are that they are located on tops/sides of toes or soles of feet, where friction is highest.

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What are the causes of foot callus (foot corns) ?

Corns/Callus are made of dead skin and form due to repeated friction, rubbing, pressure or irritation and pressure on the skin. Some of the leading causes of foot corns include:

• Wearing ill-fitted Shoes:

  Shoes that may be too tight can cause pressure on the toes and not allow them to move leading to corn formation. While wearing loose shoes allows the foot to slide causing friction which can also lead to corn formation. 

• Wearing High Heels or Thin-soled Shoes:

  Wearing high heels or thin-soled shoes can put extra pressure on certain parts of the foot, particularly the toes and balls of the feet.

• Walking Barefoot:

  Walking barefoot can put pressure on the foot, especially where there is bone pressure against the skin.

• Foot Deformity:

  Foot conditions like bunions, hammertoes, or flat feet can change how pressure is distributed, leading to the formation of corns.

• Repetitive Activities:

  Repetitive activities that put pressure on the feet, like playing sports, manual labour requiring long standing or walking hours may lead to corn formation. 

• Genetics:

  Genetics also plays a role in predisposing individuals to developing corns. Corns caused due to genetics may form in areas that don’t bear weight, like soles, palms, etc.

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What are the treatment options for foot callus (foot corns)?

There are several medical and professional treatment options available for the treatment of foot corn including:

• Corn Removal:

  Foot corns can be trimmed or shaved by a podiatrist (a foot specialist). Trimming or shaving of the corn can provide immediate relief and is usually painless. 

• Adhesive/Corn Pads:

  Treatment using corn pads can help avoid any further irritation and reduce pressure.

• Salicylic Acid Treatments:

  Salicylic acid treatment helps soften and break down thickened or hardened skin over time. Salicylic acid treatment can be coupled with other treatment options for better results.

• Footwear Modification:

  Switch to shoes that fit properly with adequate room for toes to move freely. The medical professional may advise using a toe separator, or extra padding for a better outcome.

• Surgery:

  Surgery might be recommended in rare recurring cases, or cases caused by bone misalignment. The surgery might be required to correct the underlying issue leading to corns. 

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Home Remedies for Foot Corn/Foot Callus

Home treatment of foot corn/foot callus can be effective in managing and potentially resolving foot corns. Some of the most effective home remedies include:

• Soaking in Warm Water: Soaking the foot in warm water with salt for 15-20 mins can help soften the skin making it easier to remove the dead tissues. 
• Filing: The corn can be gently filed with a pumice stone or emery board to help remove dead skin.
• Moisturization: Using a moisturizer urea or salicylic acid regularly helps keep the skin soft and prevents thickening.
• Use Castor Oil: Applying castor oil and leaving it for 8 to 10 hours can help soften the corn naturally.
• Use Padding: Use non-medicated padding to cushion the surrounding area and relieve pressure. 

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FAQs

Are foot corns or calluses contagious?

No, foot corns or calluses are not contagious.

How to soften foot corns or calluses?

Foot corns or calluses can be softened by soaking the affected area in warm water for 10-15 minutes, gently filing them, using moisturizer, etc.

Is foot callus related to diabetes?

Yes, foot corn can be a concern for people with diabetes.

Does foot callus hurt?

Usually, foot calluses are not painful, however, foot corns can be painful especially if they become thick or irritated.